Descriptive Essay Capturing Invisibility - 999 Words

Casey Hollm Professor O’Gorman ENWR 106-21 4 November 2014 Capturing Invisibility I came to Montclair to have the opportunity to study fine art. As an aspiring artist, I am always searching for means of inspiration. When I read a book, I have a lot of trouble remaining focused after the first ten pages. In affect, it typically takes me several different days and time blocks to complete the book. Because Invisible People is a graphic novel, I was able to not only easily keep my attention on the story, but also genuinely enjoy the plot. I sat down during a rainy day and read the whole novel in under an hour. Being provided pictures and drawings while I read a novel helps me connect with what is going on and allows me to metaphorically put myself in the story. The main problem with The Things They Carried is that it is just like every other book I have ever read. Before reading Invisible People, I had never even thought about picking up a comic book, or any form of graphic novel. To my surprise, I had a lot of fun interpreting the story line wh ile I analyzed the well-thought out illustrations. The Things They Carried is an in-depth novel depicting life, love, death and war. Although it contains a compelling message, there is no spark that entices me to continue reading more of it than I was assigned. Fortunately, because of the expressive artwork in the graphic novel Invisible People I was able to acquire enough sentimentality for both novels. The way that a story isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reflexive Embodied Empathy9936 Words   |  40 Pagesto the way existences (beings) are intertwined in a dynamic of doubling and mirroring. In a passage that encapsulates this recognition of reflexivity he states that â€Å"The mirror’s ghost lies outside my body, and by the same token my own body’s ‘invisibility’ can invest the other bodies I see. Hence my body can assume segments derived from the body of another, just as my substance passes into them; man is the mirror for man† (Merleau-Ponty, 196 1, cited in Churchill, 2000-2001, pp.29-30). ThompsonRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Medieval England s Apocalypse By Liam Dyer - 1134 Words

Medieval England’s apocalypse By Liam Dyer The 14th century was a beginning of a disease that spread horror and death throughout the whole of Europe. England was not spared from the outbreak and the daily casualties increased to heights no one thought would happen. The Doctors would try their best to stop a disease that would tear economies and families apart but not even they could stop its disparaging wrath. Economically the plague would tear cities to shreds. The governing bodies were not immune to the effects of the pestilence. The Black Death was a fiend that loved to commit chaos to whomever caught its deadly infection turning family and friends into corpses and love into immense heartbreak and tragedy. Facing these difficult times some still prayed to god and asked to forgive their sins so that they would not be diseased as many felt god was punishing the people of all the sins they committed. These impacts that the Black Death had on the English people made it the worst epidemic in English history however, was there s omething good that came out of this outbreak? The Bubonic Plague also known as the Black Death. Several theories have been brought forth by historians about the cause of the Black Death however the most prevailing theory was that it was caused by rats. The Disease actually came from the rat fleas, called Xenopsylla cheopis. These rat fleas came from infested dying rats. The fleas would leave the rats heading for the most accessible area of the human

Leadership Challenge Using Sources of Power Ethically Free Essays

Leadership Challenge: Using Sources of Power Ethically The misuse of power is constantly revealed in the business environment by the actions and characteristics of executives, leaders, supervisors, and managers. In reiterating the definition of power is having the know-how, to influence others to do something that they wouldn’t normally do (Lussier, 2008). The tactics that leadership uses are categorized into nine influential tactics: ? Rational Persuasion ?Inspirational appeal ?Consultation ?Ingratiation ?Exchange ?Personal Appeal ?Coalition ?Legitimating ?Pressure Most of which are likely used by leadership (Katzenstein, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Challenge: Using Sources of Power Ethically or any similar topic only for you Order Now d. ). List and explain the sources of power that the CEO of a large company typically has at her disposal. The source of power in business a CEO has is Expert, Referent, and Legitimate Power. C. E. O. is defined as Chief Executive Officer; the CEO is known to have the great power of delegation (Ellis-Christensen, 2012). There are many definitions of expert power and one definition is â€Å"Expert Power is stated as resting on the belief of employees that an individual has a particularly high level of knowledge or highly specialized skill set. Managers may be accorded authority based on the perception of their greater knowledge of the tasks at hand than their employees† (Turner, 2012). Referent Power is the use of personal power (ones’ attractiveness, respect, loyalty, and worthiness) to influence others to do your request. Referent power is like a role-model type of power, it uses your adoration from others toward influencing them to do something (Thomas, 2002). Legitimate Power is used from a person position and/or title. Legitimate power in is used to demand the others, regardless of their commitment or cooperation. This type of power tends to place distrust in the leaders capabilities in operating a business. Therefore, it is actually the title/position of a person rather than the person itself that carries this power. Describe how these powers can be used to avoid the various operational, administrative, and ethical problems experienced by companies. Business Problem 1 The business problem that may occur is a machine is down due to electrical issues and no backup machine or alternative available. Influence tactic The influence tactic used in this business problem will be consultation and inspiration appeal. The consultation was chosen to meet with the managers to see what can be done to improve on these problems and if it is feasible to obtain. In choosing the inspiration appeal is to encourage the employees not to get discouraged and thank them for doing a great job. Source of Power The source of power used in this situation for consultation is Reward, coercive or legitimate. The power used for Inspiration appeal is Referent power. Why this influence tactic addresses the problem I thought these influence tactic was best suited for the situation in handling this business problem. When such problems occur on the job, it sometimes tends to discourage the workers from getting their job done or begin to doubt the company obligation to that specific area leaving them wondering if it was intentional or not. Business Problem 2 The business problem that is experience too often in this problem is issues with checks and missing work time. Although payroll handles the issuance of checks, it still falls under administrative problems. Influence tactic The influence tactics used in this business problem are Legitimating, Rational persuasion, and Pressure. Source of Power The source of power for legitimating is legitimate power. The source of power for rational persuasion is expert power and the source of power for Pressure is Coercive power. Why this influence tactic addresses the problem I chose these for a number of reasons, one is legitimating can swing both ways. The employer will need a legitimate reason as why they should give you the correct amount of hours that the employees claim they are missing. In a sense the employee can request a statement showing the calculation of their hours. The employee can use pressure in pursuit of getting this problem corrected. Business Problem 3 The business problem that sometimes occurs is unethical business practices. Unethical business practices like dumping good at loss making prices just to earn market shares or to oust a new competitor from business, colluding with competitors to fix higher prices, using high pressure selling tactics, using deceptive advertising, etc. re also some things that need to be looked at (Patil, 2012). Influence tactic The influence tactics used in this business problem are rational persuasion, coalition, and legitimating. Source of Power The source of power for rational persuasion is expert power, the source of power for coalition is coercive power, and the source of power for legitimating is legitimate power. Why this influence tactic addresses the problem I thought that these tactics were definitely used in coe rcing influences on others, especially to benefit that particular person. Unethical business practices happen all over the world, most often never get address in order to prevent it from happening again and again. Unethical practices are used by businesses legitimating why they must have or need; even use coercive power to intense or sway the answer in their favor. Rational persuasion is basically similar to coercive power, the general idea is to lure the favor toward the persuader way. References Ellis-Christensen, T. (2012). What is a CEO? Retrieved on January 22, 2012 from http://www. wisegeek. om/what-is-a-ceo. htm Katzenstein, J. (). Influence Tactics. Retrieved on January 22, 2012, from som. csudh. edu/depts/adjunct/jkatzenstein/†¦ /Influence%20Tactics. ppt Lussier, R. N. (2008). Ethical Power and Politics. Retrieved on January 22, 2012, from highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0073210552/†¦ /chap010. ppt Patil, S. B. (2012). Ethical Issues in Business. Buzz. com. Retrieved on January 22, 2012 from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/ethi cal-issues-in-business. html Singh, A. (2009). Organizational Power in Perspective. Leadership Management in Engineering, 9(4), 165-176. doi:10. 1061/(ASCE)LM. 1943-5630. 0000018 Thomas, J. C. (2002). Leadership Effectiveness of Referent Power as a Distinction of Personal Power. Retrieved on January 22, 2012 from http://www. jctnet. us/Professional/MOL/LEAD605/ThomasJMicroBP$2. pdf Turner, M. C. (2012). Leadership Styles and Bases of Power. Reference for Business Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd Ed. Retrieved on January 22, 2012 from http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Styles-and-Bases-of-Power. html How to cite Leadership Challenge: Using Sources of Power Ethically, Papers

Hopeless Case And An Abuse Of Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Hopeless Case And An Abuse Of Process. Answer: Introduction There are numerous reasons why a litigant may wish to bring a case or mount a defense which has no prospect of success.Few would disagree that the bringing of such cases should be discouraged. One way in which the courts have sought to discourage such cases is by compensating the successful litigant, and punishing the advocate for the unsuccessful side by awarding costs against the advocate for assisting in bringing the hopeless case or defense. Such awards are made on the ground that the court has an inherent jurisdiction to ensure that its procedure is not abused and used to achieve an injustice to one of the parties, and to punish misconduct of those who appear before it. Distinction between a hopeless case and an abuse of process In most cases costs orders made by the courts will only partially compensate for the financial hardship of the trial, and can never compensate for the associated stress. How much greater then is the wrong done to the successful litigant when the opposing claim or defense is wholly without foundation. When a case is demonstrably hopeless the successful party has been put to the considerable cost and trouble of a trial for no cause whatsoever. This is one motivation for the longstanding attitude of the law in discouraging the bringing of hopeless cases. This paper seeks to the possible tensions that such a rule creates within the role of an advocate, and examines the basis on which the intervention of the court has been justified. By examining in greater detail the limited circumstances in which the courts have exercised the jurisdiction to order costs against an advocate it will be seen that the objections to the jurisdiction are not persuasive. Thus, my thesis is that a rule which compensates litigants who have been brought before the court to defend a hopeless cause (or dismiss a hopeless defense) by ordering the advocate to pay the costs (and thereby punishing the advocate) is justified. One of the problems which a lawyer in civil practice is likely to encounter is the dishonest client. There are clients whose case would involve revealing previous dishonesty: for example, the builder who wants to recover lost profits on a contract for carrying out grant-aided works and whose records reveal that the prices on which the grant claims were based were different from the prices actually charged, or the personal injury claimant who wants to recover for the loss of undeclared earnings and who was fraudulently claiming benefits. Hopeless Facts The advocate is not a fact-finder. The primary task of an advocate in our judicial system is to present the client's case in the best light possible. They are not therefore to usurp the court's role in determining the credibility of witnesses, or the inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. This said, they are not allowed to assume the truth of their clients' evidence in an uncritical manner. One example of a case which, from the report, appears as much ridiculous as hopeless, but in which the advocate was not found to have acted improperly, isOrchard v South Eastern Electricity Board the plaintiffs in this case occupied a house which suffered from poltergeist-like phenomena. Patches of water would appear in areas of the house, especially around electricity sockets, and items of furniture would move. The plaintiffs claimed that these phenomena were due to an escape of electricity which caused water to vaporize and reappear as the patches of water. The escape similarly caused static build-ups which in turn caused the furniture to move. Perhaps most surprising is the fact that these allegations were supported by the evidence of an independent expert. It transpired that the phenomena were the result of actions by the plaintiffs' 15 year old son. Abuse of process White Industries v Flowers and Hart, A firm. Legal advice, no sustainable cause of action but litigation could be used to delay settlement. White Industries succeeded in primary litigation. Property developer bankrupt so White Industries sought to recover costs order against lawyers who had given the initial advice. Conclusion There are numerous reasons why a litigant may want to bring a claim or mount a defense that has no prospect of success. There are similarly a number of reasons why an advocate may wish to, or be under pressure to, assist in such an endeavor. If we accept that an advocate is more than a mere agent for the client, and has an independent role to play in the administration of justice, then assisting in a case which can be shown to be hopeless must amount to misconduct. It is this premise upon which the courts have exercised their jurisdiction to award costs against advocates who bring doomed claims or defenses before the court. It was inferred that Causes of action were hopeless and the claim had been abandoned entirely at the conclusion of the trial Trial Judge considered case was hopeless from inception AND the letter from the law firm threatening to create a PR nightmare evidenced an ulterior motive for the litigation On these facts justice done by imposing Indemnity costs on the law firm Bradbury NOT counsel The courts have sought to achieve a balance between protecting those who appear before it, and ensuring that innocent victims of wrongdoing by an advocate are compensated. The rule that an advocate may not assist in bringing a hopeless case or mounting a hopeless defense is, in fact, not as onerous as some might claim. The courts have only stepped in where a claim or defense was hopeless, and this would be apparent to any competent advocate who took the time to inquire. In cases of doubt the courts have rightly leaned in favor of the advocate. The court's jurisdiction to award costs against an advocate who assists in bringing a hopeless case is not a panacea for the proliferation of needless and doubtful litigation. However, it does set a threshold of what the court will tolerate of which all advocates would do well to be aware. Was solicitor acting for more than one party in the same transaction is legal or not? It is observed that one distinction between legal practice as business and a profession is that the code of ethics requires lawyers to promote interests of clients over interests of lawyers; the professional relationship is based on confidence and trust. There is no absolute rule that a solicitor must never act if the interests of clients may conflict It is considered that Impossible for the court to evaluate the value of confidential information, the fiduciary duty to protect confidential information is absolute subject to consent It is considered that these will be valid and fiduciary duties of undivided loyalty and confidentiality of lawyer if he indulged in following acts Acting for 2 clients in the same transaction; Chapter 6 Possible to act with informed consent if risk of conflict negligible, Importance of retainer: Mouat v Clarke Boyce and whether parties interests are converging or diverging: Taylor v Schofield Peterson Acting against former client in litigation context Importance of the appearance of justice, courts process must be unimpeachable from the perspective of the reasonable bystander: Black v Taylor, Hana v Stephens Conclusion It is considered that if acting for 2 clients in the same transaction a conflict will not arise if the clients interests are congruent or the retainer is narrow: Taylor v Schofield Peterson, Chapter 6 of the rules InBristol and West Building Society v Mothew[1998] Ch 1 Lord Justice Millet described a fiduciary obligation as follows: A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act for or on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single-minded loyalty of his fiduciary. Lawyers who act for more than one client on a matter place themselves in a position where they may be unable to provide single-minded loyalty to each client. No lawyer can serve two masters. The moment a lawyers single-minded loyalty to one client is compromised by concern for another client, the fiduciary relationship has been broken, the lawyer has lost independence and the rule of law has been undermined. Principles which apply to disqualification There are following principles which are given as below It is observed that Code of Professional Conduct; Lawyers are regulated by the Lawyers and Conveyances Act 2006 the Act and Lawyers and Conveyances Act (Lawyers: Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2008 (Conduct and Client Care Rules made pursuant to S 95 of the Act) Lawyer must not communicate with witness during or between x-examination/re-examination, except for good reason and with consent of judge or other side/s otherwise it may result to disqualification of their professional capacity. Reputation of the others- Professional representative should not be allowed to indulge in alleging fraud, dishonesty, undue influence, duress or other reprehensible conduct, unless the lawyer has taken appropriate steps to ensure that reasonable grounds for making the allegation exist. Y v M. Lawyer must protect the court process to increase the efficiency of court litigation. Judge Spiller based on duties to the court in litigation context Judging in context stresses that legal phenomena need to be assessed in their relevant setting. This approach is in tune with reality-based judging, in the interests of achieving substantial merits and justice in the individual case. This approach is the antithesis of one which looks at legal issues in isolation or in the abstract, which focuses on technical considerations, and which gives rise to artificial outcomes. The criticism often made of a contextual approach is that this undermines legal certainty and predictability. It is true that the use of the Wilberforce approach in New Zealand has produced a variety of outcomes in individual cases. As has been seen above, the factual matrix test was sometimes used to supplant clear contractual rights. But the hope of legal certainty in the sense of predictable outcomes in every case is an illusory one and carries the potential for injustice. Lord Wilberforces legacy to New Zealand law lay in flexible principles which took account of relevant circumstances and were designed to achieve appropriate and just results. He once observed Conclusion The duty to the court includes a duty to put all relevant and significant law known to the lawyer before the court, whether it supports the lawyers case or not. This duty continues until final judgment is given in the proceeding. (If after the conclusion of hearing, but before delivery of judgment, counsel wishes to make further submissions by counsel, leave of the judge is required). There are following procedure and justice which are given as below Inherent jurisdiction of High Court to control its own process which includes power to determine who should be permitted to appear before it as an advocate Court exercise jurisdiction to ensure that justice is administered properly, to preserve public confidence in the judicial system Justice not seen to be done if lawyer because of a previous connection with the opposite party is in a conflict of interest position Justice not achieved if reasonable bystander would think it possible that conflict exited

7 Tips on How to Study Vocabulary

7 Tips on How to Study Vocabulary If youre taking college courses in the United States, youre most likely fluent in English or a native speaker. In either case, youre probably quite comfortable with your skill level and focusing 100 percent of your brain power on your coursework. However, studying new vocabulary is an important lifelong endeavor. Expanding your vocabulary will help you comprehend your reading materials more quickly and easily. A more varied lexicon will also improve those papers youre writing. Of course, if you plan to take a graduate school entrance exam, such as the GRE, youll definitely want to build and maintain your internal word list. Follow these seven tips for quick, fun ways to boost your vocab. Use Words Thesaurus Tool When youre typing a paper or even just notes, youre bound to pause from time to time to consider what the best word to use is. Whenever you stop for even a split second, try to get in this habit: type whatever basic word pops into your mind first. Then double-click it and check the thesaurus. Youll get a list of alternative words and will most likely learn some new ones. Note that you shouldnt necessarily choose the longer or more complicated word every time. But knowing you have options adds more variety and interest to your writing. Many times, the more advanced words are more accurate, and sometimes, theyre even shorter. Why say sheeplike when you can say ovine? Solve Crossword Puzzles During your free time, pull out a crossword puzzle book, find one in a newspaper or magazine, or search for a puzzle online. Crossword puzzles have long been an essential (and fun!) tool for every word-lover and vocabulary-builder. Note that if youre new to crosswords, you might want to skip those found in the Sunday paper, as theyre usually extremely challenging- even for seasoned experts. Play Word Games Crossword games are quite different from crossword puzzles. Instead of using clues to figure out predetermined words, you build your own words from a set of letters. Play Scrabble, Words With Friends, or a similar game against the computer or a brainiac friend. Make a note of the words your opponent generates, and dont be afraid to be inquisitive. Then use a dictionary to come up with great moves of your own. Of course, you can play the board version of Scrabble as well. Another fun board game is Balderdash, in which players make up fake definitions of advanced vocabulary words. Everybody then tries to guess the real definition. Youll certainly learn some new terms along the way. Find Word-A-Day Offerings Word-a-day calendars are popular gifts; put one on your Christmas wish list. Even if you dont learn all 365 words, the calendar is just one more vocabulary-building tool at your disposal. Alternatively, find an online word-a-day subscription service that sends new words to your inbox. Or simply bookmark and check a site such as Merriam-Websters Word of the Day (which also offers a subscription option). Read Attentively Sure, youre reading tons of material for your classes. But you may be reading passively. In other words (no pun intended), like many people, when you encounter a new word, you may very likely be skipping over it and mentally filling in the blank- even subconsciously. Instead, make a concerted effort to stop and look those new words up in a digital or old-school dictionary. Take Online Vocabulary Quizzes Search for free vocabulary quizzes or a similar term. Vocabulary.com is a great site for students to use regularly, as is knoword. But you can also try other sites or find random quizzes to take. Get an App You can find vocabulary-building apps for iOS or Android devices. Anytime youre on the bus, standing in line, or getting your mani/pedi, whip out that phone and learn a few words. Building your vocabulary doesnt have to feel like one more course added to your load. Following these tips is actually a lot of fun and will make you feel smarter. The confidence you gain will carry over into your class studies and will surely show in your grades.

Thoreau essays

Thoreau essays Thoreau thinks a democracy may not be the last improvement to government. There will never be a free state until the people are considered to be a higher authority. Everyone must also treat each individual as they would their neighbor. Each person should treat everyone equally in order to take a step toward a better government. This is what the people believe in and this is what theyre fighting for. The people have to take a stand and make a difference. Thoreau thinks if this happens it will create the perfect state. If there is an unjust law, Thoreau suggests that the people should stand up for themselves and not obey it. This is the only way to make a difference. Thoreau thinks it should be a peoples government. There is no better way to express your feelings about an unjust law then to break one. If everyone follows the rule then that means the public accepts it. Breaking the unjust laws is the quickest way to make a difference in the government. If the people dont make a stand against the government then the government will never have any respect for the people and take advantage of them. Use the government to your advantage. Thoreau states that he is really at war with the government, but he will also benefit from it as well. Thoreau always paid his highway taxes and supported school. He demonstrates that people should pay the taxes and follow the laws that they believe in. He doesnt say that you should totally break the law, he just suggest that the people should do and act in what they believe in. One of Thoreaus main objections is the slavery act. Thoreau focuses on an end of slavery. He took a stand to slavery at a time when there werent a large number of white men who opposed it. He opposed slavery enough to where he helped slaves cross the border into Mexico. Thoreau also had to stay the night in...

Argument Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument Essay - Research Paper Example Furthermore, man is today more interested in using motor vehicles, which have high rates of greenhouse gases emissions. Cycling is perceived as a boring activity despite the fulfilment that it offers to riders. As a result, humans do not take time to interact with the environment and determine the richness and the freshness of the natural world, which is the major cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, the main question is," what is our personal responsibility toward the natural world, toward what we term our natural resources?" Understanding our responsibilities will have a positive impact to the declining natural resources and impart a change of beliefs; people will prefer natural landscapes compared to the built environment. Pearson, in her book The perfect vehicle: What it is about motorcycles remarks, â€Å"Our aim†¦it seem [is] to accumulate goods. At the end of this metaphoric road stand the non-metaphoric Kmart, glistening like Oz and filled to the rafters with a hundred cheap mementos of wildflowers, in forms of candle, air freshener, sachet, cologne, bath bead, potpourri, and incense stick. In its prior life, of course, the ground under the big store bloomed with wildflowers.† Pearson’s statement confirms the human appetite for built environment at the expense of the natural environment. In its natural form, the ground was filled with beautiful flowers and a rich aroma, the true value of nature. On the second view, Mellissa presents the image of a ground that was previously blossoming with flowers, but on which a store stands to facilitate economic activities. In other words, stores emphasize Pearson’s regret, â€Å"our aim it seems is to accumulate goods.† Despite the value of the undefiled nature and its blossoming flowers, humanity has taken keen interests in economic activities and industrialisation, which erodes and degrades the natural aroma of many landscapes. The natural resources are replaced with ston e-built structures that deface the landscape. Therefore, humans are called to take value in natural resources and not to prioritise the built environment at the expense of a natural environment. There is value in taking interest in natural items and taking pride in exploring the natural world due to the contentment they offer Mellissa states that â€Å"riding on a motorcycle can make you feel joyous, powerful, and peaceful vulnerable and back up happy again† (Pearson 20). A motorcycle is the only vehicle that the rider can fully experience the richness of nature as the rider is ‘vulnerable’ to nature;  the rider is in direct contact when riding. In addition, such vulnerability to nature uplifts the spirit of the rider to experience the happiness and peace that comes from the fragrance of natural plants along the riding path. Considering motorcycles do not emit too much pollutant gases compared to vehicles, Mellissa emphasizes that relating directly with nature as one rides a motorcycle offers full contentment. In the above quote, she explains that after destroying the previously beautiful natural landscape, we go ahead to fill the stone built stores with artificial and cheap mementos of wildflowers, in forms of candle, air freshener, sachet, cologne, bath bead, potpourri, and incense sticks. Mellissa suggests that it is possible to find more expensive fragrances than these, in their

Overview of experience to gain professional membership Case Study - 1

Overview of experience to gain professional membership - Case Study Example This will be very necessary for me in the execution of my duties by arranging meetings and discussing issues brought up my other colleagues. I have also attended several internal training such as training, reporting, and all aspects of project cost control during my working period; therefore gathering a lot of experiences. I have, therefore, been trained into completing my orders and workload at the best and satisfactory standards. That has also made me understand the different forms of contract and supporting documentation. Within my role, I plan not only my workload and tasks, but also the workloads and tasks of other team associates who work with me. In my projects, I will have to set up and regularly run commercial site team meeting. Being the Senior Quantity Surveyor, I set team objectives and discuss issues that may be current and potential issues and also worries that the team may have. As a Senior Quantity Surveyor, I collect information from one or more sources, and then distribute the information to one or more audiences. I ensure that information management activities are effective and successful. These actions help me in discovering extra principles and strategies, as well as providing a substantial tactics to evolving a supreme information management strategy.1 Being a leader, my main objective is to ensure incessant progress to the strategic and response to the organization. Being a leader in my previous workstations, which include royal construction Ltd, Wates construction Ltd. among others, have made me have good and professional leadership skills. I ensure by managing the infrastructural assets. Moreover, I aim to provide the knowledge of cost effectiveness assets, and use strategic aspects which will help the new employees address problems faced.2 On a daily basis, I encourage people from my department to work as a team, so as to have effective results. Believe that this is necessary and is an advantage to the organization

Phenomenon (McDonalds) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phenomenon (McDonalds) - Essay Example It is after investigation that he unveiled how lucrative the entity was but took time joining them Ray After investigating while still dealing with the brothers, he found out the entity had the potential of becoming prominent in the region judging from Americans’ attitudes towards eat out joints. Hence, advised them to expand the entity’s presence but they did not know how to do that where he intervened as their agent and establishing first shop in Chicago (1955) (Johansen 82). After six years, Ray managed to buy this entity from the brothers, hence being able to have adequate and complete control meant to keep it in the best track he deemed would ensure success. Hence, during then being extremely strict in managing his array of restaurants together with ensuring the entity fully embraced cleanliness, quality as well as excellence in service, which comprises its key aspects to date. Besides strict operations, his intention was to spearhead numerous establishments not only in US but also globally but using similar standards. According to Johansen (82), the entity by 2012 had approximately 14,000 units in US and over 33,000 globally. This is despite its owner before and after acquisition then experiencing serious health drawbacks that could have deterred him from realizing the current enormous entity’s global debut (Johansen 82). Many including health institutions have resulted to intense debates claiming the entity has significantly contributed to the menace of obesity especially among children (Korthals 33). Hence, leading to other serious health drawbacks whose medical treatments are extremely pricey to the extent some Americans are unable to afford. Those pushing for this debate contend food served by this entity has low nutritional value compared to what the entity has attractively relayed on the products’ labels (Korthals 33). This was evident in both UK and US where the

A Review On Fleet Management Systems Information Technology Essay

A Review On Fleet Management Systems Information Technology Essay Management system of companys vehicles fleet with the help of commercial motor vehicles such as cars, vans, and trucks constitutes fleet management. The word fleet here refers to vehicle and a range of functions such as vehicle financing, vehicle maintenance, vehicle telemetric (taking and diagnostics), driver management, fuel management and health safety management. The companies whose businesses are based on transportation are helped by this system in a no of ways as: Removing or minimize the risks associated vehicle investment. Improving efficiency and productivity. Reducing overall costs of transportation and staff. In house fleet management department or an outsourced fleet management provided deal with these functions. Automatic vehicle locating tracking (AVLT) system Automatic vehicle locating tracking (AVLT) is a system through which the position of the vehicle can be located easily at any place in the earth at any point of time at any weather also with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). Usage: This navigational system is commonly used in: Public Transport Many company management system like Fleet management Inventory management Logistic management etc. It also helps to improve the effectiveness and efficiency in service as well as cost. Types of technology used: This system uses different technologies for functioning e.g. RFID technology, GIS-GPS based technology. Global positioning system (GPS) The space based global navigation satellite system providing reliable location and time information in all weather and at anytime and anywhere on or near the earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to 4 or more GPS satellite called global positioning system (GPS). This system established in 1973. It was created and realized by U.S department of defense (DOD) and is maintained by U.S government originally run with 24 satellites. It was established to overcome limitations of previous navigation system. Anyone with GPS receiver can freely access it. Usage: Today GPS is taken as a dual-use technology having applications both in military project originally. For commerce and scientific uses tracking and surveillance it has become a widely used and useful tool. Banking, mobile phone operations, control of power grids and other every activity are facilitated by GPSs accurate timing. Because of this system efficient, safe, economic and accurate work is being performed by farmers, surveyors, geologists and others. There are three basic components: absolute location, relative movement and time transfer that are used in civilian applications. Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries Map-making used by both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively. Navigation Navigators digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements are valued by navigator. Cellular telephony: GPS/cellular position detection for  mobile emergency calls  and other applications. Tectonics: direct fault motion measurement in  earthquakes is enabled by GPS. Disaster relief/emergency services: To know location and timing capabilities. GPS is used by these services. GPS tours: content to display; for instance, information about an approaching point of interest is displayed is determined by location. Geofencing:  Vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and  pet tracking  systems use GPS to locate a vehicle, person, or pet. These devices attach to the vehicle, person, or the pet collar. The application provides 24/7 tracking and mobile or Internet updates should the tracker leave a designated area. Recreation: geocaching,  geodashing,  GPS drawing  and  way marking GPS Aircraft Tracking Geotagging: For purposes such as photographs and creating map overlays location coordinates are applied to digital object and other documents respectively. However there are only few GPS enabled digital camera. How GPS works: GPS consists of three parts: space segment, control segment User segment. The space and control segments are developed, maintained and operated by U.S Air Force. Each GPS receiver uses to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the current time using broadcasted from space through GPS satellite. A master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations constitute control segment. Geographical Information System (GIS) Any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to location is called Geographical Information System (GIS). It is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology. Google is the most common example which consist data and captured image of locations and shows corresponding location on user screen for which longitude latitude are mentioned. USAGE: cartography,   remote sensing,   land surveying, public utility  management   natural resource management geography urban planning   emergency management   navigation   Localized search engines. Working of Automatic Vehicle Locating Tracking (AVLT) System The system uses computer technology for primarily for tracking vehicles, freight system and automobiles. The information about real-time position of vehicle to a control system is passed on through signals send out by tracking device already attached to vehicle. Among several techniques available for determining the position and transmitting it, the selection of technique to be actually used depends upon the requirements. The position information is stored in a device for a specific period, which could be anything from a few seconds to some minutes. The information is send out by device either in the raw form (electronic signals) or as processed information. Transit agencies often use AVLT systems in combination with computer-aided dispatch, mobile data terminals and emergency alarms for improving passenger services, in real-time passenger information, automatic passenger counters and automated fare payment  systems. Purposes like automatic stop announcements, automated destination signs, monitoring vehicle components and prioritizing traffic signals can also use AVLT system for functioning. Diagram below illustrates representative working of GPS based AVLT system. Advantages of AVLT The AVLT has the following advantages: AVLT is used by Transit agencies for enhancing optimum utilization of fleet and reducing fuel consumption, labor and capital costs. It helps in improving adherence to schedule and accessing passenger information. Availability of plenty of data enables easier management of transit systems which further accounts for increase in net efficiency and productivity of the systems. Along with increase in operational efficiency, AVL systems ability to predict bus arrival timings in real time also enhances customer service, thus making increased customer service and satisfaction as the greatest benefit of AVL. The analysis of service performance in real time as well as chronologically, enabling system planning and emergency repairs is enabled by Supplementary technologies like automatic passenger counters. A direct link between AVL and increased ridership and revenues is shown in study conducted in 2003. Productivity enhanced- more trips, capital savings due to the ability to better utilize vehicles, maintenance costs reduced and thus general reduction of cost per vehicle Better adherence to schedule, accuracy in monitoring and coordination More number of users and higher user loyalty Need for supervisors and manual  data  entry reduced Ability to control operations and driver performance improved Off-route vehicles are tracked effectively. Improved communication network between drivers, supervisors, operators and other staff. Radio messages are lost in less numbers. Capabilities to inform passengers of bus arrival times improve the quality of service and help the travelers to take better decisions complaints from customers are reduced and thus need for customer information personnel these steps improve overall image of the transit agency The data is more accurate and complete and thus the agency is able to schedule and plan better Preparation time for schedule as well as number of staff required can be reduced. Better bus stop placement Better  security  for driver as well as travelers by enabling faster location of vehicles and response to accidents Better operational decisions towards detours due to sudden developments like bad weather, roadway closings and accidents COSTS FOR AVLT For the on-board device and the control center procurement, installation and software are included in the costs of AVLT. The costs of AVL also include labor costs concerning maintenance and new staff to operate the systems. Depending on the size, number of components and the sophistication of the system AVL systems are available at different prices. Today, there are wide ranges of AVL system models available. The simplest and basic models possess features like GPS/ DGPS AVL that have computerized dispatching, mobile data terminals and silent alarms. Models with highly sophisticated features are also available. For large fleet that needs similar features, as the cost of the central monitoring system is distributed over a larger number of vehicles, these systems workout to be cheaper ones. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review paper is to make a thorough study on: 1 . A review on where AVLT is being used. 2. Name of different service providers of AVLT in India 3. How this useful technology AVLT has helped Indian companies (Citing example of some Indian companies) 4. Effectiveness and trends of AVLT in Indian market 5. The difficulties faced to implement AVLT in large scale. A Review on Where AVLT is being used Transit agencies use AVLT to enhance optimum utilization of fleet and reduce fuel consumption, labor and capital costs. AVLT helps to improve adherence to schedule and access passenger information. With AVL, more data is available and this makes it easier to manage transit systems. The net efficiency and productivity of the systems thus increases. According to Kent Stable, Marketing Manager, Chameleon Direct are suppliers of GPS vehicle tracking systems Vehicle tracking devices can save your business significant amounts of money by providing you with information about inefficient practices that you would not easily be able to find out by any other means. Many problems associated with multi fleet businesses can be ironed out very swiftly when you have the right information. Track and monitor your entire fleets movements with the Automatic Vehicle Location System. An easy to install, implement, and cost efficient solution. Know exactly where your vehicles have been, where they ´re headed, and how fast.- (an advertisement given by Vodafone, India on all time real fleet management system ) Use of AVLT in India abroad Vehicle tracking system in India  is mainly used in transport industry that keeps a real-time track of all vehicles in the fleet. Though there are various GPS software and hardware developing  companies  in India working for tracking solutions, however, its application is not all that popular as in other countries like USA, Japan, Malaysia etc. which regulates the whole GPS network. In India it is mostly used in Indian transport and logistics industry and not much personal vehicle tracking eg. Delhi Transport Corporation , Meru Cabs. In a call-taxi operation, tracking the location of each available taxi in real-time is extremely critical. It would not be possible to scale up beyond 200-300 taxis with manual tracking, with the use of walkie-talkies or mobile phones. Hence we have opted for technology that is scalable for thousands of taxis, and is a highly successful model in countries like Singapore -MERU CABS Freight forwarding Logistic service providers are now increasingly adopting vehicle-tracking system for better fleet management and timely service. The system can continuously monitor shipment location and so can direct the drivers directly in case of any change of plan. Fleet managers can keep an eye on all activities of workers, vehicle over speed, route deviation etc. The driver in turn can access emergency service incase of sickness, accident or vehicle breakdown. All in turn supports money and time management, resulting better customer service. Acoording to Dr.Vinod N.Sambrani, (Institute of Management Studies Kuvempu University, Karnataka) and Dr. M. S. Subhas (Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka) Route analysis helps managers to generate the most efficient route (best route / shortest route) that the vehicle should take between the company and it supply chain link. Alternative routes can also be generated and analyzed. Alternative routes help in rerouting of the supplies in case of problems (either man -made or natural on one route.) The best example of application of AVLT in freight forwarding is the popular logistic and courier company Federal Express(FedEx) totally depends on AVLT system . Emergency Management system Emergency management system is now a days getting is popularity in India . Health Management Research Institute (HMRI ) Hyderabad runs an emergency ambulance system (108) through AVLT to give customer proper service and reach at the emergency place within 30minites of the occurance of any accidents. Call centers In commercial vehicle segments the taxi operators of various call centers are now using vehicle-tracking system for better information access.   However, its application is in its infant stage in India and if adequate steps are taken in bringing the cost of hardware and software low then it can be used for tracking personal vehicle, farming (tractor), tourist buses, security and emergency vehicle etc. Again Government needs to cut down the restriction imposed upon the availability of digital maps for commercial use and this will encourage software industry in developing cost-effective tracking solutions. Though, sales of both commercial and passenger vehicles are growing but price of tracking service is very high and this is the key issue in Indian market. Hence, its important for market participants to reduce prices of GPS chips and other products in order to attract more and more users. As far as  Indian vehicle tracking  and navigation market is concerned the recent association of India with Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will act as a catalyst in the improvement of vehicle tracking system. This will give an advantage in managing traffic, roadways and ports and also as an important tool for police and security agency to track stolen vehicles. Hence, in near future there is large prospect for the utility of vehicle tracking system in India, which can revolutionize the way we are communicating. Companies in India using AVLT in Fleet Management SAIL ( Steel Authority of India) : SAIL , Indias one of the top 10 public sector company in terms of turnover , uses AVLT for their Fleet Management system to optimize the routes, real time functionalities like tracking , reporting , controlling , monitoring , emergency situation handling etc. DTC(Delhi Transport Corporation) : DTC is one of the largest city road transport undertaking in India. It has a fleet of around 15000 vehicle carrying on the business on passenger transport on 800 routes from 33 depots all over Delhi with product mix comprising of City Intercity services. Meru Cab Services: One of the famous call taxi service in India, totally manages their fleets through AVLT .Locating the clients pick up and drop point , finding the shortest route and also monitoring the drivers performance and fuel efficiency in all the cases AVLT provides the solution. Maruti Udyog Limited: Maruti the leader in Indian automobile industry for two decades also uses AVLT system for their fleet management system .Tracking the inventory , supply and monitoring etc is done by AVLT system Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) : AVLT system is used to track the total fleet management . All the new buses have this GIS -GPS based navigation facility. Garbage Truck Monitoring (Swachcha Bangalore ) is another project taken by Bangalore Government with AVLT technology. EMRI HMRI 108 Service , Hyderabad : Emergency Management system and Health Management Research Institute of Hyderabad has launched 108 Ambulance services . They promises to reach any specific location within the 30min of the causalities. They fully depend on the AVLT system and totally manages their fleets. The Goa Government has also started this facility recently. Companies Providing Fleet Management services in India (Cities in India where GIS based vehicle tracking systems are used) The companies providing these services are as follows: Vodafone Telecom Services Airtel Telecom Services Albireo Telematics Pvt Ltd TriCAD Design Consultants (P) Ltd. Vajra Infratech Aayur Technology Solution Adhyan Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Arya Omnitalk Wireless Solutions Private Limited CERT InfoTrack Clay Telematics Pvt. Ltd. Dhanus Digi m-Track Digitrack Eagleeye India effiKC Findnsecure Geo Edge Private Limited Indtrack Solutions INEN Solutions P Ltd Intergrated Digital Info Services Limited Invendis Technologies iWate Systems MahaVentures Next Gen Technologies Noble Integrated Solutions Nucleus Microsystems Omatics Remedy Software Systems Pvt. Ltd. Rilapp Network SATCOP India Sattvah Embedded Technologies (P) Ltd Smart Signals Pvt. Ltd. Symbioun Solutions Limited Traccia Traxis India Pvt. Ltd. CASE STUDIES OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES USING AVLT 1.Fleet Management System adopted by Maruti Maruti Udyog Limited has been the market leader in Indian Automobile Industry from the past two decades. MUL launched a service named N2N Fleet To facilitate the sales of MUL cars using the relationship management approach through Leasing and Fleet Management as two products, Management Solution, Through tie ups with other service providers like insurance company, replacement car service provider, and manpower service provider MUL presented a common face to the end client with a whole gamut of services. End-to-end backups/solutions across the vehicles life like: Leasing, Maintenance, Convenience services and Remarketing are some of the key services being offered by MUL. CHALLENGES FACED MUL was in search of a B2B solution, a common platform for all the partners, clients and respective MUL departments. As this service included interaction and data exchange between multiple organizations therefore safety and security of data became a very important issue not only for MUL, but also for partners and customers. Strict performance criteria and tight deadlines were the other challenges involved in the project. THE SOLUTION After a very tough business process analysis the AVLT system was by a business solutions provider. The modular architecture was customized in such a way so that the diff users can use the system as per their requirements. Scalability, security and flexibility were most important issues that were taken account of. THE BENEFITS The AVLT system provided MSU with Complete monitoring capabilities for its fleet of vehicles, maintenance, insurance, accident, rescue, and remarketing. 2. The success story of Meru Cabs Meru the new call taxi service launched last year by V-Link Taxi Pvt. Ltd, has re established the belief that IT can be deployed in just about any field, and can lead to phenomenal gains. As it is rightly said, Technology does not drive change-it enables change. The same has been the case with V-Link Taxis Pvt. Ltd. There was a complete transformation in the way V link carried out its operations after deploying the GPS-based system to track the newly-launched fleet of cabs called Meru. This service was first started of from Mumbai. The Challenges Sharing the importance of the solution, Nilesh Sangoi, CTO, V-Link said, In a call-taxi operation, tracking the location of each available taxi in real-time is extremely critical. It would not be possible to scale up beyond 200-300 taxis with manual tracking, with the use of walkie-talkies or mobile phones. Hence we have opted for technology that is scalable for thousands of taxis, and is a highly successful model in countries like Singapore. The Solutions V-Link has deployed different technologies from a number of different firms in India and abroad, including Dubai and Singapore. We use high-end GPS and GPRS (general packet radio service) technology in our Maruti Esteem vehicles. The technology has been specially deployed to ensure that passengers receive a timely response and are picked up and dropped at their destinations without any unnecessary delay, reveals Nilesah Sangoi (Tech. Head of Meru Cabs) Our vision is to give urban commuters in India a world-class traveling experience, by using a technology that has evolved in developed countries over the past twenty years, adds Sangoi. Every cab is fitted with a GPS-based tracking device that facilitates in locating the taxi closest to a customer pick-up location. Customer addresses and other details are communicated back to the driver on the display screen via the GPS enabled display in the cab avoiding the use of outdated radio trunking (walkie-talkie) technology. Every cab also has a tamper proof digital fare meter. The control room gets regular feed about the distance traveled, fare and the location of each cab. Customers also get a printed copy of the fare receipt at the end of the trip. Each cab is fitted with communication terminal (MCT), which has a built-in GPS receiver, LCD (liquid crystal display) screen and GPRS connectivity, which facilitates two way communication with the control room. Our data centre hosts a set of communication servers, application servers, and database servers, which are in constant touch with each taxi through GPRS. The latitude and longitude information is plotted on a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) map for real-time tracking, says Sangoi. The Benefits: This GPS enabled technology empowers the customer to book a cab through phone internet and SMS, and the control room can track the cab nearest to the customers location enabling a significant reduction in the turnaround time. If any customer leaves nay belonging in the cab the customer can lodge a complaint about the item left behind and the cab can be located to trace the lost item and it will be returned to the customer. This Fleet Management system is also important from the point of view of the passengers safety, and can also be used to note the drivers performance. V-Link Taxis Pvt. Ltd is a subsidiary of the V-Link Group, a corporate fleet management services organization that is headquartered in Mumbai, and operates in five major cities-Mumbai, Delhi and NCR, Pune, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. The company manages a fleet of over 5000 vehicles running an aggregate of more than 150,000 km a day. We have invested heavily in technology to provide best-in-class and highly reliable customer service. The investments are in line with the needs of todays competitive and swift-moving world, concludes Sangoi. In the future too, the organization aims to continuously upgrade its IT infrastructure to keep pace with the times. 3. EMRI HMRI Emergency Management Research Institute and Health Management and Research Institute , Hyderabad took a revolutionary step in the history of Indians emergency and health management system .They managed to build up the fleet management so efficiently that anytime and anywhere e its an emergency (disaster) or health related problem , they will reach the certain place within minimum time after getting the call in 108 hotline number. Later GVK EMRI , Mumbai also followed the same steps The Challenges The first challenges faced was to establish the system widely .. They had to build up many centers throughout the state. They also had to build up an efficient call center and to establish an efficient fleet management system to diagnose the emergency point and detect the nearest location of the fleet (eg. Ambulance) and send the fleet to the destination accessing the shortest and efficient route. The Solution They took the IT service help from Satyam Technologies Limited (Currently known as Mahindra Satyam) and build up an efficient fleet management system .They established a module based system. The main module is called as MCC( Mission Control center ) which gets the first news about the emergency from the call center and then locate the nearest centers , fleet and shortest route that gives the fastest access to the destination . The Benefits This fleet management system not only changed the look out of the emergency management system in India but that also inspired other states to follow this path. The efficient and excellent service fetched many awards to EMRI HMRI. Like GVK EMRI bagged NASSCOM CNBC TV18 IT user Award 4. Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) Delhi Transport Corporation is the one of the largest City Road Transport Undertaking in the India. It has a fleet of around 15,000 vehicles carrying on the business of passenger transport on 800 routes from 33 depots all over the state of Delhi with a product mix comprising of City and Inter-city services. The Challenges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integration of GPS with GIS map of Delhi for tracking of vehicles on a real time basis with two way messaging including distress messaging between the vehicle and the control station. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring whether the scheduled route and the time tables of the buses are followed or not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatic generation, collection, storage and retrieval and analysis of data information and thus eliminating the human related errors involved in collecting of such data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Building a dedicated integrated database employees, buses, bus routes etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using the GIS model as a support system for implementation of the transport policies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysis of deviations from standard like schedule route, timing, Missing Bus stops, Punctuality factor etc. based on captured vehicle data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Enabling automatic bill generation for the buses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick dispatch of relief vehicles in case of breakdown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integration with the Delhi metro smart card. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working out realistic schedules according to traffic conditions based on speed of bus during different hours of the day and at different segments The Solution To accomplish the above-mentioned objectives challenges, CMC Ltd has developed an Automatic Fleet Management System incorporating its DGPS based Automatic Vehicle Tracking and Management system (AVTMS). CMC Designed, Developed and Implemented the Automatic Fleet Management System that include Vehicle Tracking System, Application software for billing, Operational Transportation Model for scheduling of buses and integration of Smart Card Reader with the Vehicle Tracking System, provision for Real Time Passenger Information System to Delhi Transport Corporation. The AFMS system is currently operational from two depots for 200 buses since last two years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ GPS based tracker unit installed on 200 buses belonging to 2 depots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring from a Central Control Station for both the depots simultaneously à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solar based Database Server, AVTMS server, Communication Server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Display of vehicles at Workstation using ARC Info suite and VC++ based application software à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Established two way messaging system between buses the central control room. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public Mobile Radio Trunking System (Wireless Communication network) for collecting data from buses. Area of coverage is 1500 square kms. The Benefits Verification and Validation of GIS data of Delhi procured from a GIS data vendor, with the help of GPS in both standalone and differential mode. This is to ensure that the data is in required co-ordinate system. Real time trials were conducted after the buses were installed with the GPS devices to ensure the integrity of the data. Additional custom data as required in the project were collected by conducting extensive field surveys and were encoded in the map of Delhi for facilitation. GIS data was integrated with the turntables containing all the relevant information about various junctions. Application and customization of the of the screen of the reports and queries of the GIS data includes all the info about the buses and other fleets. 5. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) In 1997, BMTC was spun off from the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation(Ksrtc) in order to focus exclusively on Bangalores rapidly expanding transit needs. The Bangalore Transport Service became Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation and the colour scheme was changed from Red to a Blue and White combination.BMTC remains a division of KSRTC. The Challenges Integration of GPS with GIS map of Bangalore for tracking of vehicles on a real time basis with two way messaging including distress messaging between the vehicle and the control station. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring whether the scheduled route and the time tables of the buses are followed or not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatic generation, collection, storage and retrieval and analysis of data information and thus eliminating the human related errors involved in collecting of such data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Building a dedicated integrated database employees, buses, bus routes etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using the GIS model as a support system for implementation of the transport policies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysis of deviations from standard like schedule route, timing, Missing Bus stops, Punctuality factor etc. based on captured vehicle data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Enabling automatic bill generation for the buses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick dispatch of relief vehicles in case of breakdown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working out realistic schedules according to traffic conditions based on speed of bus during different hours of the day and at different segments. Providing Real time information to the passengers . The Solution To accomplish the above-mentio

Dance Essay -- essays research papers

It has been observed by a pensive and inquisitive mind that most people in this world view their surroundings as though they were merely glancing at the cover of a glossy magazine while hurriedly exiting a supermarket: people tend to look quickly, figure out the general concept of the magazine issue, and then proceed to neatly tuck away the memory of that magazine cover in their mind as they trot on down the check out isle. They never pick up the journal, never thoroughly read the articles contained within that shiny bit of paper, never really understand what is going on inside of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This depiction of the overwhelming tendency of individuals to formulate opinions of people, places and things solely based on a casual observance of their outward appearance stirred up great emotion in my heart. I am a 21 year old woman who has put herself through college by working as an entertainer at an upscale Chicago gentleman’s club. I realized recently that I myself was only superficially aware of what it truly means to patronize or to be employed by a gentleman’s club. Of course, I was aware of the fact that on the most basic level, a pricey gentleman’s club provides a wealthy and extravagant individual with a venue where he can comfortably indulge in the finest champagnes and scotches while basking in the bubbly personalities and beautiful bodies of paid entertainers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I decided to study the inner workings of a gentleman’s club and to write about the effect that working in such an environment would have on women employed by such a club. As I delved deeper into my research, I realized that I could not fairly describe the effect that working in the adult entertainment industry would have on women because I didn’t fully understand the service that was actually being provided by â€Å"entertainers.† Simply put, we entertainers make our living by receiving money from men in exchange for spending time with them, and usually in exchange for stripping off our clothes for them. But what else are we really selling that would inspire a man who is not allowed to touch us (therefore gaining no physical pleasure from the woman whom he commissions to dance for him) to pay in excess of four hundred dollars an hour for our company ? What exactly are exotic dancers selling ? Through extensive research, I have come to realize that s... ...tertainment industry. It has also given me a new sense of what exotic dancers are actually â€Å"selling† at work. Sadly, they are selling far more than a quick exotic dance: many times, they are selling their values and their self respect as well. I have deviated in my thinking that exotic dancing was a positive experience for most women. Clearly, the research that I have studied has given me adequate reason to believe that dancing is damaging to the mental health of many women. Despite such evidence, I myself feel that I am one of the lucky few who has been able to use her occupation to greatly benefit her life. By dancing, I have been able to finance my education, to live on my own and to set up my work schedule in such a way that I am able to put a great effort into my studies. Realistically speaking, it is doubtful that I would have had the means to accomplish all the things that I have had I not chosen to dance. Although I have never been â€Å"caught up† in the negative spiral that so many young women find themselves trapped in, I definitely have become more sensitive to the plight of many young women who develop emotional problems as they work in the adult entertainment industry.

Beautiful Boy and Tweak Essay

Reading two different accounts of the story of a drug addict allows much room for comparison between the two. In the case of David and Nic Sheff’s books, I was surprised at how much similarity there was between the two; they agreed on most points and there was no striking discontinuity in their stories. There is, however, a significant difference in the perspectives from which the two are told. Naturally, Nic, as the addict son, takes on a more self-centered view. In David’s book it is clear that Nic’s addiction is the one central driving force in their family life, especially in David’s daily life. In Nic’s book, however, his relationship with his father and the rest of his family is only one of the several focal points of the book; Nic is also preoccupied with girlfriends, friends, and his sponsor. David Sheff’s book is a very self-reflecting account. He is constantly analyzing the past, the decisions he’s made with Nic, and putting it all together in a desperate attempt to find answers to his son’s downfall. He struggles with a constant mental conflict: â€Å"What did I do wrong?† His preoccupation with Nic became an addiction in itself, and the obsessive worry and stress took a tremendous toll, to the point where he suffered from a massive hemorrhage. David’s view of the progression of Nic’s addiction reflects the Social Learning Theories and Psychoanalytical explanations of American drug use. At first, David views the onset of Nic’s addiction as a cause of some childhood lifestyle factors he lived through (such as the divorce). Later on, however, David realizes that there are thousands of teenagers who are reeled into the dark world of drugs and do not necessarily come from traumatic backgrounds; that these two things are not always directly linked. They are simply reinforced by others, usually drug-using friends, regardless of how they were raised. Ronald Akers built on this idea of operant conditioning by pointing out that drug-using behavior is reinforced socially more than physiologically. This is exactly what happened to Nic as he surrounded himself more and more with friends and girlfriends who induced his addiction. As evident as it may have seemed, it took David a while to shift his focus from reflecting on the past to what was quickly making Nic’s situation worse. Nic, on the other hand, is not very psychoanalytic about his addiction.  David has hope for his son, while Nic has very little hope for himself. While telling his story, David is trying to discover and unveil what led to all of this misery in his family. He longs to find answers and causations for all of it. Nic, on the other hand, doesn’t focus on the â€Å"why.† Although he has moments where he confesses he never thought he would turn out this way, he doesn’t spend much time dwelling on what led him to his addiction. Instead, Nic just tells his story and focuses on the very near future. This is typical of an addict’s mentality. Each day is so unsure and unstable that they can’t manage to plan more than one or two days ahead. The deeper he sinks into his addiction, the more surprised he is to find that he wakes up alive each day. Rather than fight it, Nic accepts the fact that he is a hardcore addict and that his life will never be the same. It took his father a much longer time to realize this and fully accept it. I was genuinely shocked at how honest Nic is throughout the whole book while telling his story. He admits that his parents are forcing him to go into a treatment center and that he has â€Å"fucked everything up beyond repair.† Most addicts make themselves seem like the victim and leave out a lot of information about their bad habits. Nic openly shares everything, even his darkest moments of intoxication and suicidal depression. He looks for ways to support the high demands of his druggie lifestyle and makes the necessary amends, even if it means stealing from his own family while they are desperately trying to help him. Nic’s selfishness, however, turns into feelings of deep guilt toward the end on the book when he is on the road to recovery and with his two parents. When his mind clears up, he realizes how badly he has torn everyone apart, especially his mom and dad. These emotional realizations are part of his recovery. David, however, experiences the exact opposite. At the early stages of his son’s addiction, he dedicated all his time and energy to the matter, to the point where he forgot about his own health and happiness. As Nic’s addiction progressed, David shifted focus to himself and stopped obsessing over everything that had to do with his son’s addiction. David’s road to recovery meant almost the exact opposite of Nic’s: dedicating more time and energy to himself rather than taking others into primary  consideration. David Sheff tells his family’s story from the very early happy days and takes his readers all the way through Nic’s descent into his darkest moments, while Tweak begins with Nic already deep into his addiction. Nic Sheff’s Tweak is the dark counterpoint to Beautiful Boy. The elder writer’s grief-filled memoir glows dimly like a distant planet of despair, while the son’s account of the same events burns like an angry Mars.

Mrs Pollifax essays

Mrs Pollifax essays The Elusive Mrs. Pollifax is one of my favorite books of all times! An old, brittle woman in the CIA has to sneak eight forged passports into Bulgaria, and get out as fast as possible without being suspicious. But even before this fairly easy assignment starts, trouble begins to arise.Before she had ever touched the airplane, she met a group of young people leaving to Bulgaria too. She began to talk to a young man by the name of Philip Trenda, who was noticeably upset that a man by the name of Nikki had forced him into going. After their chat, Mrs.Pollifax and the group loaded the plane. On the way to Sofia, Bulgaria, the airplane made a special stop for General Ignatov to get on the plane.When they landed, the Bulgarian Secret police took him away from his group. One of the girls in the group had seen Mrs. Pollifax talk to Phil. Her name was Debby. When she arrived to the city, Mrs. Pollifax was supposed to go to a jacket shop, ask for an imaginary sheepskin jacket. What Mrs. Pollifax thought that now she would do is give the hat to Tsanko and go back to the US. But the CIA had a man to pay off named Radev. The counterfeit money was sewn in the jacket and then they would just switch the jackets and be done with Radev. Mrs. Pollifax didn't know about Radev, so when he came to steal it at night 3 times, she or Debby, who had joined her, had beaten him up so badly that he couldn't steal the jacket. after she had delivered the hat to the underground she changed her plans and went north of Sofia. While driving, she had noticed that someone had cut her breaks. The car was heading toward a cliff, so Mrs. Pollifax had just crashed the car into a tree right on the edge. Afterward, Debby had heard on the news that Phil was being released from prison and was returning to the US. It sounded like good news but as it turned out, it was a plan by new Chief of the Secret Police, General Ignatov. The General was ransoming P...

Feature article on Billy Elliot directed by Stephen Daldry.

Feature article on Billy Elliot directed by Stephen Daldry. Decisions, decisions...From Coal Dust Into a Lake of SwansA year 12 student, examines various worlds of Billy Elliot.All in all, we all have to make decisions. They are either straightforward or challenging. One of my hardest decisions was coming to Australia. As a child I remember my grandmother telling me stories. Even though I was little, I listened to them and understood them. They took me to a completely different world. It was always my childhood escape. I still remember all the stories, which still inspire me to make those choices I made meaningful.Every society has different views on whether or not children are allowed to make decisions by themselves. Billy Elliot is drifting between a variety of worlds. He lived in a world where his future was decided for him. Like his father and an older brother, he was growing up to become a coalminer, just as everyone in his hometown, Everington.Singer Britney Spears was one of the best selling ...This world is a bit mature for an 11 year old boy, but it expresses Billy responsibility. This world initiates the audience to empathise with protagonist, and I, as an audience, keep living through the struggles of his dancing world.Stephen Daldry has created an excellent film representing our elective "Into The World". The director clearly highlights different paths, decisions and choices that are available in the changing worlds. One of the most challenging decisions that Billy had to make - is to choose between ballet and his 'chosen path'. Billy chooses ballet. He sees the work that the coal miners do and he understands that its hard. In the opening scene there is a close up of trembling hands as the carefully place a record on an old-fashioned turntable. This establishing shot offers a recruiting motif of dance and music. The...

The Effect Of Contingent Music To Premature Infants Essay

The Effect Of Contingent Music To Premature Infants - Essay Example Those with health complications are subjected to painful and stressful medical procedures necessary for survival. Both the complications and the interventions are highly correlated with increased impairment in neurological development (Creasey, Jarvis, Myers, Markowitz, & Kerkering, 1993; Karmel, Gardner, & Magnano, 1991). The long-term neurological implications of premature birth are problematic, but fortunately the brain continues to develop throughout life and some damaged neurological networks can be overcome by nurturing and carefully structured learning opportunities (Benes, 1994). To this point, research with premature infants in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) has primarily focused on medical procedures for survival and on nurturing techniques such as reducing environmental stimuli, non-nutritive sucking, and touch (Dieter & Emory, 1997). During medical treatment, the infant is often physically restrained by equipment. Additionally, treatments and nourishment are often scheduled with regard to health priorities, rather than with regard to the infant's desire for food or attention. The detrimental implications of lack of opportunity to experience normal post-birth cause/effect relationships at this stage of development have recently been lamented (Dieter & Emory, 1997). The infant's sucking ability is a critical behavior for both survival and neurological development. Sucking is the first rhythmic behavior in which the infant engages, and it is theorized to contribute to neurological development by facilitating internally regulated rhythms (Goff, 1985). Time spent in non-nutritive sucking has been observed in third trimester fetuses. Unfortunately, medical and environmental constraints often inhibit non-nutritive sucking... To this point, research with premature infants in the newborn intensive care unit has primarily focused on medical procedures for survival and on nurturing techniques such as reducing environmental stimuli, nonnutritive sucking, and touch. During medical treatment, the infant is often physically restrained by equipment. Additionally, treatments and nourishment are often scheduled with regard to health priorities, rather than with regard to the infant's desire for food or attention. The detrimental implications of the lack of opportunity to experience normal post-birth cause/effect relationships at this stage of development have recently been lamented. The infant's sucking ability is a critical behavior for both survival and neurological development. Sucking is the first rhythmic behavior in which the infant engages, and it is theorized to contribute to neurological development by facilitating internally regulated rhythms. Time spent in non-nutritive sucking has been observed in third -trimester fetuses. Unfortunately, medical and environmental constraints often inhibit non-nutritive sucking opportunities, as very premature infants are undergoing the third trimester of what would have been "fatal" development in the NICU. When non-nutritive sucking opportunities are encouraged in the NICU, development of the premature infant is enhanced. The coordinated suck-swallow-breathe response, which develops in the 34th week of gestation, is a precursor to nutritive sucking ability and nipple feeding.

Spartacus (1960) The Epic Hero Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spartacus (1960) The Epic Hero - Movie Review Example He also refuses to rape Varinia when she was sent in his cell to entertain him. The film is certainly a product of great work from Stanley Kubrick. The graphic nature of the scenes and the ability to use slow motion especially when Spartacus trains in the arena to be a gladiator is one of the scenes that bring out the director’s technical abilities. High sound quality, especially the scene where Senator Marcus Licinius Crassus addresses the gladiators (Joanna 2). The themes of the callous nature of slavery and the desire for freedom are demonstrated where women are forced into sexual activities, and men are forced to fight to their death, including with their friends. This compels Spartacus and the rest of the slaves to rebel and fight their way out. The manner in which ancient Rome is portrayed by Spartacus is authentic. There is a lot of historical evidence suggesting the injustices of slavery and sexual exploitation in the empire. The director, as well as the screenwriters, used an accurate portrayal of ancient Rome, with instances of exaggeration to make the film more

Undocumented nurse medical errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Undocumented nurse medical errors - Essay Example The researcher starts with description of his first day at his first job. His nurse trainer was evidently flustered with her numerous tasks in the hospital. The researcher followed her to a patient’s room, where she administered medication. The patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from some chest and abdominal trauma, as well as a badly-broken leg. The researcher was confused, because the name on the door was not the same in the med chart. He returned to the nursing station, where she documented the medication. After opening the patient’s chart, she was distressed to find out that she gave the wrong medicine. She checked the patient’s chart for allergies and was comforted that the latter had no allergies with the incorrect medication. However, the patient complained of dizziness and nausea later on, and the nurse did not provide the pain meds as scheduled. The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours. The nurse closely wa tched the patient all evening and up to the next shift, since she volunteered to cover it because a nurse called in sick. The next evening, this same patient was assigned to me. The researcher checked his chart and was surprised that the medication error was not documented, and that the normal dose of pain medication was documented. During his dinner break, the patient had difficulty in breathing and went into arrest. The patient died and autopsy showed that he died from an embolus to the lung. This was a probable unavoidable complication of the injuries. But since the patient experienced pain the evening before, his family members believed that the nursing staff neglected to observe him for complications. They said that they consider suing the facility and I know that I will be named in the suit. Case Study Analysis: 8-Step Model for Ethical Decision Making The case with this patient involves an ethical dilemma of reporting the medication error of my colleague. I will examine this case using the 8-Step Model of Ethical Decision Making (Bennett-Woods, 2001). I will determine the facts of the case and all information needed to properly analyze and resolve this issue. I will state the practical problem, identify the most important ethical questions and the theoretical bases for my analysis, discuss arguments and counterarguments, including their specific ethical concepts and supporting facts, name options, and choose and explain my final decisions. Step One: Gather Relevant Information Clinical indications. Patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from chest and abdominal trauma and a badly-broken leg. The most common effects of car accidents are head, chest, pelvis, and abdominal trauma (Schmucker et al., 2010). The patient complained of dizziness and nausea, which can be the result of his injuries or the incorrectly given medicine. One of the primary tasks of nurses is drug administration and it occupies around 40% of their work time (Armi tage & Knapman, 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Administering drugs have become more complex, especially when there were only 656 medications in 1961, but now there are more than 8000 medicine being prescribed, with more than 17000 trade and generic names in North America (Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Giving medication is â€Å"one of the most error-prone steps of the medication-use process, with 34% of all errors originating in this phase† (Bates et al. 1995, cited in Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). Some studies discovered that medication errors normally take place during the prescription and administration stages and can compose 65% to 87% of the total number of medication errors (Bates et al. 1993, 1995; Benjamin 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Less than 2% of incorrect medication actions are not intercepted by the patients’ bedside (Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours.

Crime in Our Society Essay Example for Free

Crime in Our Society Essay This is a painful fact we dont want to face. There is no effective form to change character. All those qualities in life that makes us what we are also help us become criminals. Heredity and environment, interaction of the individual in society, the totality of human nature and experience. Crime reflects more than just the pitiful few that commit it, it reflects the character of society. How did these people capable of stealing a car, or mugging a cripple become that way? All that they are and all that they have experienced is what drove them to commit a crime. Crime is not just sordid happenings, it is human nature. People commit crime. Some think that man is essentially good, and that given the chance, he will develop as a benign being. Others conceive man to be essentially evil and believe that he must be controlled for his own protection and the existence of an ordered society. Crime is a â€Å"Carry On† type industry. It never stops and always keeps growing on. The society has its own rule. Our society says that â€Å"One is innocent until he or she is proven guilty† and it never gives unusual and cruel punishment. Actually the terrific truth is that society itself creates the criminals and laws are there for them to live free. Crime does not require any kind of education or work experience and there is not that much risk, so the person who has nothing to lose can easily choose crime as his or her career. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/german-machine-gun.jpg http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/gun1.jpg Gun ownership as American Gun Culture describes looks at the masculinity side of why men own guns. Also explains that family legacy of gun ownership is often a factor in determining whether one will become a gun owner. Many of young people got their first guns as gifts from parents. In the US guns are very easily and non-complicating purchase. It is legal to buy and to own a gun or any other life threatening machine. When the parent had taken more care to teach and exemplify proper gun-handling skills and other firearms knowledge, there is a much greater chance that the recipient of this legacy will embrace (rather than reject) it. Gun collecting has many aspects, but most focus on the historic, technical or artistic merits of the arms which make them appealing to collectors. Some collectors cherish a rusty bayonet, or musket ball recovered from an old battlefield. Ammunition collectors delve into the minute details and has all kinds rituals and cleaning time is greatly involves. Some collectors seek to fill a collection with arms of a single maker, others of a single historic period, some concentrate on a specific caliber, or country of origin. Many just want to own guns that they like for various reasons. Many arms collectors enjoy shooting their guns, and many people interested in living history become arms collectors as an outgrowth of that hobby. While not purely collectors, they are potential future collectors, and their experiences can provide valuable information to collectors. Hunting as indicated is a fine reason to own a gun, or several guns. According to the FBIs national crime statistics, 1.2 million violent crimes were committed in the United States in 2010. About the same as were committed in the US in 2009. These violent crimes include such crimes as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. All saw declines nationally between 2009 and 2010. The largest decrease was in the number of reported robberies, dropping by 9.7% during this year. US crime statistics also report that property crimes saw a drop between 2009 and 2010, dropping from 9.08 million to 8.9 million in 2010. Property crimes include larceny, burglary and motor vehicle thefts. The rate of larcenies decreased the most, dropping by 6.98% since 2009. http://www.delrayrecoverycenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Amphetamine-300268.jpg http://www.drug-addiction-support.org/images/cocaineSmall.jpg Many people wonder about the social effects of drug abuse. Drug abuse develops the social life of the addict, tearing apart his family, friendships and professional relationships, work which links with his or her occupation and mainly the behavior of the person. Without intervention, the drug addict can wind up alone, with the drug being his only friend. People who are addicted very often turn to crime as a means of paying for their addiction. This can involve stealing or fraud to obtain the funds necessary to bankroll their addiction. This can start with stealing from one’s partner, family or friends but can spread to include their employer or several organizations. Another aspect is that of the cost of maintaining a police force that have to deal with the after- effects of addiction. One such example and one that we hear a great deal about in the media is that of ‘binge drinking. People who have developed an addiction to alcohol very often engage in drunken, anti-social behavior, usually in town and city centers up and down the country. The police have the job of dealing with fights or semi-conscious people lying in the street which is due to the effects of excessive alcohol consumption. The majority of crime committed is http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/9/14/1347635831075/Prescribed-drugs-008.jpg Usually drug-related. Burglary, robberies are all ways of funding an addiction and the more serious the addiction the greater the chance of these being accompanied by violence. There are people who are so desperate to have a ‘fix’ or are completely controlled by their addiction that will do anything to service this. If this means using violence then they will do so. In this case their needs have overtaken any thoughts of rational or civilized behavior. They are not thinking of anyone else but themselves as they are consumed by their addiction. The changes that I think are important to focus on, and the solutions for them to tackle from bottom up are not as simple as it could be imagined. Well, I think that fixing the economy to assure as many people as possible are employed and you have much of the problem of crime resolved. Also finding a way to eliminate drugs from society would help attain the social crime issue. Think about all the crimes that can be associated with addiction: Drug trafficking. Drug dealing. Drug use, Robbery, Assault, Battery,Burglary,Rape. Domestic violence, Illegal weapons possession, Illegal weapons sales. The list goes on and on. This topic is not one of the easiest to tackle but if we eliminated one of the main reasons the crime appears in our society, it would definitely become a much safer place for us citizens to live in. http://calgarycommunities.com/content/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/a5.jpg

Laboratorio de Metalurgia Física

Laboratorio de Metalurgia Fà ­sica 5.1.3 Practicas en el Laboratorio de Metalurgia Fà ­sica Preparacià ³n Metalografà ­a de Muestras  · OBJETIVO Iniciar al estudiante en la preparacià ³n metalografà ­a de muestras y anà ¡lisis de las mismas.  · INTRODUCCIÓN TEÓRICA: Bajo el nombre de metalografà ­a se engloban toda una serie de tà ©cnicas y conocimientos cientà ­ficos cuyo fin à ºltimo es la observacià ³n tanto macroscà ³pica como microscà ³pica de las caracterà ­sticas estructurales de los metales y aleaciones. La presente prà ¡ctica de laboratorio se basa exclusivamente en la preparacià ³n de muestras (llamadas probetas) para la observacià ³n microscà ³pica de materiales metà ¡licos, a travà ©s del uso del microscopio à ³ptico metalogrà ¡fico (MO).  · La preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica Involucra una serie de pasos para obtener una probeta con una superficie perfectamente plana y libre de rayas al observarse bajo el microscopio à ³ptico. Primero se comienza seleccionando una muestra adecuada, cortà ¡ndola para llevarla a un tamaà ±o conveniente y de ser necesario se embute en una resina polimà ©rica o se monta en un sujetador mecà ¡nico para facilitar su manipulacià ³n. Posterior a esto, la superficie debe esmerilarse y lijarse hasta lograr la planaridad y luego pulirse con ayuda de discos rotativos cubiertos de fieltro impregnados de una suspensià ³n abrasiva, para eliminar las marcas del esmerilado. El pulido, provee en la mayorà ­a de los casos una superficie brillante tipo espejo. La observacià ³n al microscopio de muestras no-metà ¡licas, sean materiales cerà ¡micos o materiales compuestos sigue (por lo general) las mismas etapas del proceso de preparacià ³n de muestras metà ¡licas, aunque frecuentemente se requieren de instrumentos de corte y abrasivos de mayor dureza. Las tà ©cnicas y conocimientos para la preparacià ³n de este tipo de muestras se engloban en el tà ©rmino petrografà ­a.  · DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL: Materiales y Equipos †¢ Muestras metà ¡licas †¢ Cortadoras de disco. †¢ Esmeril de Cinta. †¢ Papeles de lija. †¢ Pulidoras Rotativas. †¢ Microscopio Óptico. †¢ Dispositivo de captura de imà ¡genes. †¢ Alcohol. †¢ Algodà ³n y recipiente para guardar las probetas  · DESBASTE GRUESO. †¢ Esmerile, en la esmeriladora de cinta, la superficie de la muestra hasta obtener una superficie plana, cuidando de mantener un flujo constante de refrigerante. †¢ Una vez que la superficie a observar està © totalmente plana, lave la muestra con abundante agua. Limpie el equipo. No deje residuos de refrigerante en los alrededores.  · DESBASTE FINO v Comenzando por el papel esmeril de menor nà ºmero, desbaste la muestra movià ©ndola sobre el papel abrasivo en una misma direccià ³n, de manera recà ­proca. La direccià ³n del movimiento debe ser perpendicular a las huellas del desbaste grueso. El proceso culmina al deben desaparecer las huellas del desgaste grueso por la abrasià ³n efectuada, o equivalentemente, cuando toda la superficie de la probeta està © cubierta por rayas paralelas a la direccià ³n de movimiento. v Lave muy bien su muestra con agua y colà ³quela, sobre el siguiente papel de esmeril, de manera tal que las rayas anteriores sean perpendiculares a las nuevas rayas. Repita el paso anterior, hasta que està ©n borradas la totalidad de las rayas generadas en el paso anterior. Puede ir chequeando con regularidad la desaparicià ³n de las rayas observando al microscopio la superficie de la muestra. Asegà ºrese de secar muy bien la muestra antes de colocarla en el microscopio, para ello enjuà ¡guela con alcohol Repita el paso anterior hasta llegar al papel esmeril de menor nà ºmero. v Al finalizar, lave muy bien la probeta, con abundante agua y sus manos con agua y jabà ³n. Limpie con un paà ±o la mesa de lijas, asegà ºrese de no dejar charcos de agua luego de finalizado su trabajo.  · PULIDO Este es uno de los pasos mà ¡s crà ­ticos de la preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica, por lo tanto antes de comenzar, lave muy bien con abundante agua el paà ±o que va a utilizar, para evitar la presencia de restos de metal o abrasivos que puedan estropear su proceso de pulido. v Agregue una pequeà ±a cantidad del abrasivo de tamaà ±o de partà ­cula mà ¡s grueso (suspensià ³n de alà ºmina de 1 micrà ³n, generalmente) al paà ±o de pulido y gradà ºe el grifo hasta tener un goteo de agua constante. v Coloque la muestra sostenià ©ndola firmemente sobre el disco rotatorio ejerciendo una presià ³n moderada, para asegurar un pulido parejo y evitar que la probeta sea proyectada por el movimiento del disco. v La probeta debe moverse suavemente desde la periferia hacia el centro del paà ±o y viceversa. Tambià ©n puede girarse en sentido contrario al movimiento del disco. La tà ©cnica y destreza para efectuar el pulido dependerà ¡ en gran parte de la muestra en estudio. v Pida la opinià ³n de su instructor y de ser necesario (la mayorà ­a de las veces lo es) pase a otro paà ±o y continà ºe el pulido con abrasivo de tamaà ±o de partà ­cula mà ¡s fino (suspensià ³n de alà ºmina de 0,3 micrones, generalmente) o con algà ºn otro tipo de abrasivo, esto dependerà ¡ de la muestra que usted està © preparando. v Una vez que su muestra haya alcanzado una superficie plana tipo espejo, là ¡vela con abundante agua, rocà ­ela con alcohol, evitando la presencia de rastro alguno de humedad que pueda crear confusià ³n al momento del anà ¡lisis microscà ³pico. Una vez mà ¡s colabore con el mantenimiento del laboratorio y limpie, con un trapo, todo resto de agua y de suspensià ³n abrasiva que su trabajo haya podido dejar. v Observe su muestra pulida al microscopio, esta observacià ³n, dependiendo de la aleacià ³n, puede ser de significativa importancia a la hora de observar ciertos aspectos microestructurales, tales como ciertas fases e inclusiones, asà ­ como otros defectos propios del material (grietas y porosidades) e inclusive defectos generados en la etapa de pulido (colas de cometa y rayas). PRACTICA NO. 12 Ataque quà ­mico y microscà ³pica à ³ptica.  · OBJETIVOS †¢ Introducir al estudiante en la tà ©cnica del ataque quà ­mico como herramienta para revelar la microestructura de probetas preparadas metalogrà ¡ficamente. †¢ Conocer las partes constituyentes, usos y cuidados del Microscopio Óptico (MO)  · INTRODUCCIÓN TEÓRICA: Sin duda, desde el punto de vista cientà ­fico-tà ©cnico, el aliado mà ¡s importante del ingeniero de materiales es el microscopio, debido a que gracias a à ©l, se puede observar la microestructura, responsable directa del comportamiento mecà ¡nico y fisicoquà ­mico de los materiales. El microscopio utilizado para el anà ¡lisis microestructural de materiales se denomina microscopio à ³ptico metalogrà ¡fico (MO), el cual difiere de los microscopios comunes, en que funciona con luz reflejada sobre la muestra y no con luz transmitida a travà ©s de à ©sta. Luego del pulido, la microestructura del material se ve ocultada por una pequeà ±a capa de metal distorsionado y plà ¡sticamente deformado, que puede ser disuelto a travà ©s del uso de diversas sustancias quà ­micas, denominadas reactivos, las cuales actà ºan generando un proceso de corrosià ³n selectiva que permite, dependiendo del caso, hacer visibles aspectos microestructurales tales como los là ­mites de grano y las diferentes fases que conforman una aleacià ³n.  · PREPARACIÓN PREVIA: Antes de realizar la prà ¡ctica el estudiante debe indagar sobre los siguientes aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo de la misma: v Teorà ­a del ataque quà ­mico y reactivos quà ­micos mà ¡s usuales para el ataque de aleaciones ferrosas y no ferrosas. v Toxicidad y manejo de los reactivos indagados. v Teorà ­a del funcionamiento del microscopio metalogrà ¡fico y sus diferencias con el microscopio biolà ³gico. v Usos, partes constituyentes y cuidados del microscopio metalogrà ¡fico. Se recomienda ademà ¡s que el estudiante venga al momento de la prà ¡ctica preparado con suficiente algodà ³n para preservar su probeta, asà ­ como tambià ©n con un recipiente apropiado para resguardarla. Deberà ¡ tambià ©n procurarse un par de guantes de là ¡tex, de tipo cirujano, para las labores de ataque quà ­mico.  · DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL: Materiales y Equipos: †¢ Muestra (s) metà ¡lica (s) pulida (s). †¢ Reactivos quà ­micos. †¢ Pinzas para sujecià ³n de probetas. †¢ Guantes de Là ¡tex. †¢ Microscopio Óptico. †¢ Alcohol. †¢ Algodà ³n y recipiente para guardar las probetas.  · Procedimiento Experimental: . Ataque quà ­mico de la superficie pulida y observacià ³n al microscopio. Este es otro de los aspectos crà ­ticos de la preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica, y el que quizà ¡ requiere de mà ¡s cuidados a la hora de ser implantado. Cuà ­dese de evitar el contacto de los reactivos quà ­micos con su piel o con los ojos y utilice guantes de là ¡tex y pinzas para sujetar la probeta mientras la sumerge en los reactivos de ataque. Evite la aspiracià ³n de los gases generados durante la reaccià ³n de ataque y trate en lo posible de trabajar dentro de la campana de gases. †¢ Ataque su muestra con el reactivo que usted haya seleccionado de acuerdo a las caracterà ­sticas de su muestra. Existen varias tà ©cnicas, pero puede hacerlo por inmersià ³n de la superficie pulida en el reactivo, o pasando delicadamente un algodà ³n impregnado del reactivo sobre la superficie. Si tiene alguna duda plantà ©esela al instructor. †¢ Una vez completado el tiempo de ataque, lave cuidadosamente su muestra bajo el chorro de agua, rocà ­ela con alcohol. †¢ Observe la muestra al microscopio y si à ©sta resulta sobreatacada, repita el proceso de desbaste fino (lijado) desde el à ºltimo papel (grano mà ¡s fino) y vuelva a pulir en los paà ±os su muestra. Vuelva a atacar acortando el tiempo del proceso. Si la pieza resulta subatacada, sà ³lo tiene que continuar el ataque por mà ¡s tiempo. †¢ Observe muestra al microscopio bajo supervisià ³n del instructor, con ayuda del encargado del laboratorio y fundamentà ¡ndose en el criterio que debe haber desarrollado a la luz de sus conocimientos y de su preparacià ³n previa a la prà ¡ctica. PRà CTICA NO. 13 ENSAYO JOMINY * Objetivos 1.1 Aplicar el Mà ©todo Jominy para determinar la templabilidad de los aceros. 1.2 Interpretar los resultados del Ensayo Jominy. Aplicar estos resultados en la clasificacià ³n de los aceros en funcià ³n de la templabilidad. 1.3 Determinar el perfil de temperaturas y de velocidades de enfriamiento. 1.4 Relacionar las velocidades de enfriamiento con las microestructuras obtenidas en las diferentes zonas de la probeta Jominy. 1.5 Evaluar la eficiencia del sistema enfriante y corroborar la validez del ensayo Jominy. * Pre-laboratorio: Antes de realizar la prà ¡ctica el estudiante debe indagar sobre los siguientes aspectos, relacionados con el desarrollo de la misma. 3.1 Curvas Jominy para el acero a ser ensayado. 3.2 Influencia de los elementos de aleacià ³n en la templabilidad de los aceros. 3.3 Relacià ³n entre el Ensayo Jominy y las curvas tiempo temperatura transformacià ³n. 3.4 Factores que afectan a los ensayos de dureza y escala de dureza a utilizar. 3.5 Quà © puntos realmente interesan de la curva Jominy. 3.6 Caracterà ­sticas de las transformaciones perlà ­ticas y martensà ­ticas. 3.7 Caracterà ­sticas del Ensayo Jominy.  · Materiales Una probeta Jominy de acero AISI 1045, de dimensiones estandarizadas de acuerdo a la norma ASTM. Adicionalmente, à ©stas deben estar perforadas sobre la superficie opuesta al extremo a ser templado. * Procedimiento En el Laboratorio de Tratamientos Tà ©rmicos: Se introduce la probeta Jominy en el horno de tratamiento tà ©rmico, el cual ha sido precalentado a la temperatura de austenizacià ³n adecuada. La temperatura y el tiempo de permanencia de la probeta en el horno debe haber sido especificados y determinados por Ud. Recuerde: El cà ¡lculo adecuado de las variables de operacià ³n en este caso; temperatura y tiempo, influyen en forma determinante en los resultados del ensayo. Luego de haber transcurrido el tiempo de mantenimiento, extraiga rà ¡pidamente la probeta del horno y colà ³quela en el sostà ©n de la cuba Jominy. Anteriormente debe haber comprobado que dicha cuba cumple con todos los requisitos establecidos en la norma. Realice el enfriamiento durante el tiempo estipulado en la norma antes mencionada. Una vez transcurrido el tiempo de ensayo, retire la probeta del sostà ©n y termà ­nela de enfriar en agua. 5.1.4 Practicas en el Laboratorio de Maquinas-Herramientas CILINDRADO INTERIOR EN EL TORNO Objetivo Hacer un agujero de un dià ¡metro y longitud determinada a una pieza metà ¡lica Materiales y equipos Pieza metà ¡lica Broca Mandril Cuchilla para trabajar interior Refrigerante (taladrina) Torno Procedimiento 1 º Se coloca la pieza en el plato 2 º Se gradà ºa el torno a la velocidad adecuada 3 º Se monta el mandril en el cabezal mà ³vil y luego se coloca la broca en el mandril 4 º Se lleva el cabezal mà ³vil hasta que la punta de la broca roce el centro de la pieza 5 º Se acciona la palanca de arranque del torno y con una manivela que tiene el cabezal mà ³vil en la parte posterior se le da profundidad del agujero que se desea hacer; el ancho del agujero lo determina el dià ¡metro de la broca o la cantidad de corte que se le de al agujero con la cuchilla de interior FRESADORA La fresadora es una mà ¡quina herramienta en la cual la pieza està ¡ fija y la herramienta es la que gira para efectuar el corte. 1. Base 2. Cuerpo 3. Caja de cambio ce avances 4. Palanca para el cambio de los avances 5. Caja de cambio de velocidades 6. Tirante para la fijacià ³n del eje portafresa 7. Eje principal 8. Palanca para el cambio de las velocidades 9. Puente 10. Volante para el desplazamiento del puente 11. Eje portafresa 12. Soporte intermedio del eje portafresa 13. Guà ­as del puente 14. Soporte extremo del eje portafresa 15. Riostras 16. Ranura central de la mesa 17. Manivela para traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa 18. Mesa 19. Guà ­as de la mesa 20. Volante para el desplazamiento transversal de la mesa 21. Volante para la traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa 22. Guà ­as para el carro portamesa 22. Manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 23. Carro portamesa 24. Manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 25. Palanca para el desplazamiento automà ¡tico transversal y horizontal de la masa 26. Columna soporte de la mà ©nsula 27. Palanca para la fijacià ³n de la mà ©nsula 28. Palanca para la inversià ³n de avance 29. Husillo para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 30. Mà ©nsula 31. Guà ­a para la mà ©nsula 32. Eje de transmisià ³n de los avances FRESAS Las fresas tienen formas algo complicadas y puede decirse que està ¡n compuestas por un conjunto de elementos, cada uno de los cuales intervienen en diferente medida en el corte del material. Los distintos elementos de las fresas se designan con tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos que, en conjunto, forman la nomenclatura o terminologà ­a de las fresas. Varios de ellos pueden ser: Cuerpo de la fresa Arista de corte Periferia Dià ¡metro Caras y ancho de las fresas Cara del diente o cara del corte Cara de incidencia à ngulo de incidencia à ngulo de desprendimiento de viruta à ngulo de filo à ngulo de hà ©lice Prà ¡ctica NO. 20 FRESADO PLANO Objetivo Hacer una pieza con una cara plana Materiales y equipos Barra de aluminio Fresa frontal de dos cortes Refrigerante Fresadora Procedimiento 1 º Se monta una prensa o tornillo de sujecià ³n en la mesa de la fresadora y se sujeta la barra en la prensa 2 º Se monta la fresa en el eje porta fresas 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio de velocidades 4 º Con la manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mensura se le da la profundidad de corte a la pieza 5 º Con el volante para la traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa se procede a darle el corte a la pieza Los pasos 4 y 5 se repiten hasta que la pieza llegue al grosor deseado. Nota: Este procedimiento se emplea tambià ©n para el fresado frontal y para una combinacià ³n de ambos al mismo tiempo (fresado plano y frontal). Lo à ºnico que cambia es el emplear la fresadora. RANURA EN FORMA DE V Objetivo Hacer un canal en forma de V a lo largo de toda la pieza Materiales y equipos Pieza rectangular Fresa angular doble Refrigerante Fresadora Procedimiento 1 º Se sujeta la pieza a la mesa de la fresadora 2 º Se monta la frase angular doble en el eje porta fresas 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio de velocidades 4 º Con la manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula se le da la profundidad de corte a la pieza 5 º Se acciona la palanca para el desplazamiento automà ¡tico horizontal de la mesa y se efectà ºa el corte a lo largo de la pieza Nota: Este procedimiento es el mismo a seguir para las siguientes operaciones: Hacer una ranura semicircular Hacer tornos de seccià ³n semicircular Hacer chaveteros Hacer ranuras en forma de T Hacer ranuras en cola de milano La à ºnica diferencia que hay entre estas operaciones es la forma de la fresa. Prà ¡ctica NO. 22 ENGRANAJE Objetivo Hacer un pià ±Ãƒ ³n o engranaje Materiales y equipos Barra de aluminio Cuchilla para cilindrar Fresa de modulo Refrigerante Torno Fresadora Mandril Broca Procedimiento 1 º Se coloca la barra en el plato del torno 2 º Se monta la cuchilla para cilindrar en la torre en forma para cilindrar 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio y la profundidad de corte en el carro transversal 4 º Se acciona la palanca de arranque y se procede a trabajar la pieza con el carro longitudinal hasta llegar al dià ¡metro requerido para el pià ±Ãƒ ³n o engranaje 5 º Se coloca la cuchilla en posicià ³n para refrentar y se procede a hacer dicho operacià ³n hasta llegar al espesor requerido 6 º Se hace un agujero pasante en el centro de la pieza de dià ¡metro que ajuste en el eje que va a ser montado el pià ±Ãƒ ³n. Este agujero se hace con una broca montado en un mandril el cual va montado en el cabezal mà ³vil 7 º Se desmonta la pieza del torno y se fija en el divisor que està ¡ sobre la mesa de la fresadora 8 º Se coloca la fresa de mà ³dulo en el eje porta fresa y se gradà ºa la velocidad y la profundidad de corte 9 º La cara plana de la pieza debe quedar perpendicular a la fresa 10 º Con los cà ¡lculos obtenidos de antemano se procede a trabajar la pieza. Despuà ©s del primer corte se debe de dar el nà ºmero de vueltas necesario al plato divisor, para dar el segundo corte y formar el primer diente; este à ºltimo procedimiento se realiza hasta que todos los dientes queden formados LIMADORA Prà ¡ctica No. 23 Objetivo Hacer una pieza de superficie plana 1. Mesa (Con letras A, B, C y D) Materiales y equipos Una barra de acero Una cuchilla Refrigerante (aceite o taladrina) Limadora Procedimiento 1 º Se fija la pieza en la mesa 2 º Se gradà ºa el avance de la mesa, la profundidad de corte y el nà ºmero de golpes del cabezal o carnero 3 º Se repite el nà ºmero de corte hasta llegar a la longitud y el espesor requerido Prà ¡ctica No. 24 Objetivo: Hacer un maquinado[1] en la fresadora CNC Procedimiento: La seguridad primero * Asegà ºrese de que todos saben dà ³nde està ¡ y cà ³mo se activa el botà ³n de parada de emergencia * Nunca deje objetos extraà ±os en el à ¡rea de maquinado (calibres, cepillos, latas de lubricantes, piezas ya maquinadas, etc.) * En ninguna circunstancia trate de acceder a la zona de maquinado mientras haya partes en movimiento * Use las herramientas provistas para ajustar puntas y fresas. La secuencia de operaciones: 1. Comience la ejecucià ³n con el software de maquinado, en realidad virtual (VRT o VRM) 2. Cargue, cree o edite su programa de CNC 3. Actualice la configuracià ³n de herramientas que tiene cargada el software 4. Simule el programa de maquinado en 2D o 3D (aunque es menos vistosa, la simulacià ³n en 2D es sumamente à ºtil y clara) 5. Encienda su mà ¡quina de CNC 6. Lleve los ejes a la posicià ³n de reposo (desde la lengà ¼eta Home) 7. Prepare las herramientas de la mà ¡quina, de manera que se correspondan con la configuracià ³n que cargà ³ en el software 8. Cargue la pieza de materia prima en el plato o banco 9. Ajuste el offset de la pieza y las herramientas Ejecute el maquinado Practica NO. 25 Objetivo: Hacer un torneado cà ³nico en el torno CNC Procedimiento: Funcionamiento del ciclo G81 en cada paso de torneado. Forma en la que se realiza cada paso de torneado: * 1-2: Desplazamiento en avance rà ¡pido (G00). * 2-3: Desplazamiento al avance programado en G01. * 3-4: Si se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es en avance rà ¡pido (G00) Si no se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es al avance programado en G01, siguiendo el perfil (este es nuestro caso). 4-5: Desplazamiento de retroceso en avance rà ¡pido (G00). Practica NO.26 Objetivo: Hacer un torneado de tramos curvos Introduccià ³n: Funcionamiento general del ciclo fijo G84. * Este ciclo realiza el cilindrado de un tramo curvo. * El tramo se definirà ¡ programando los valores de los diferentes parà ¡metros que componen el ciclo (los parà ¡metros se explican en mà ¡s adelante). * El ciclo mantiene el paso de profundidad especificado entre las sucesivas pasadas del cilindrado. * El ciclo realiza el cilindrado en desbaste y permite seleccionar, si se desea realizar una pasada de acabado con la misma herramienta tras finalizar el desbaste o no. Forma en la que se realiza cada paso de torneado: * 1-2: Desplazamiento en avance rà ¡pido (G00). * 2-3: Desplazamiento al avance programado en G01. * 3-4: Si se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es en avance rà ¡pido (G00). Si no se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es al avance programado en G01, siguiendo el perfil (este es nuestro caso). * 4-5: Desplazamiento de retroceso en avance rà ¡pido (G00). TALADRADORA Prà ¡ctica: 27 Objetivo Hacer un agujero a una plancha de metal Materiales y equipos Plancha de metal Broca Mandril Prensa o tornillo de sujecià ³n Refrigerante Taladradora Procedimiento 1 º Se monta el mandril en el eje principal y la broca en el mandril 2 º Se monta la prensa en la mesa superior y la plancha se sujeta en la prensa 3 º Con el volante para el avance sensitivo se procede a hacer el agujero Esmerilado: Es un proceso de remocià ³n de material en el cual las partà ­culas abrasivas està ¡n contenidas en una rueda de esmeril que opera a velocidad superficial muy alta. La rueda de esmeril tiene forma de disco balanceado con toda precisià ³n para soportar altas velocidades de rotacià ³n. Mà ©todo de Ruta Critica[2] para el cà ¡lculo de las actividades en el Laboratorio. El anà ¡lisis comienza con una descripcià ³n del proyecto en tà ©rmino de de actividades y eventos. A- Comienzo de obtencià ³n de materiales B- Terminacià ³n de obtencià ³n de materiales pieza 1 C- Terminacià ³n de obtencià ³n de materiales pieza 2 D- Terminacià ³n de trabajo de mà ¡quina pieza 1 E- Terminacià ³n de trabajo de mà ¡quina pieza 2 F- Comienzo de ensamble G- Terminacià ³n de ensamble H- Terminacià ³n de inspeccià ³n y prueba Este modelo puede variar dependiendo del tipo de pieza Control de Calidad en Cada Prà ¡ctica El control[3] incluye una secuencia universal de pasos: v Elegir un sujeto de control v Seleccionar una unidad de medida v Establecer una meta para el sujeto de control v Seleccionar un sensor v Medir el desempeà ±o real v Interpretar la diferencia entre està ¡ndar y real v Realizar una accià ³n sobre esa diferencia [4]Proceso de Produccià ³n El proceso de produccià ³n es el procedimiento tà ©cnico que se utiliza en el proyecto para obtener los bienes y servicios a partir de insumos, y se identifica como la transformacià ³n de una serie de insumos para convertirlos en productos mediante una determinada funcià ³n de produccià ³n. Conclusiones: Las prà ¡cticas presentadas cumplen con el marco de referencia educativo dominicano que tiene como funcià ³n garantizar la eficiencia y la eficacia global del mismo. Se ha tomado en cuenta la evaluacià ³n de los procesos docentes y los servicios que intervienen en la actividad educativa para satisfacer las necesidades de la sociedad: v El rendimiento de los aprendizajes alcanzados por los estudiantes; v El grado de coherencia alcanzado entre los fines educativos, las estrategias para alcanzarlos y los resultados; v La inversià ³n de recursos, su racionalidad y adecuacià ³n que garanticen la puesta en prà ¡ctica de la accià ³n educativa; v El peso de la innovacià ³n, la investigacià ³n y la experimentacià ³n educativas; v Las caracterà ­sticas socioeconà ³mica, afectiva, fà ­sica y social del alumno; v Las caracterà ­sticas personales y profesionales de los educadores, la calidad de vida y las facilidades de que dispongan; v La programacià ³n acadà ©mica, los contenidos curriculares y los materiales didà ¡cticos, deben estar en constante actualizacià ³n; v Los procesos de aprendizaje. v Las condiciones fà ­sicas desde el punto de vista del ambiente en que se desarrolla la actividad educativa, incluyendo aulas, laboratorios, bibliotecas, canchas deportivas, à ¡reas de recreacià ³n, servicios de agua potable e iluminacià ³n y equipamiento; v El grado de compromiso y la intervencià ³n de la familia, el hogar y la comunidad en el proceso educativo; v La orientacià ³n educativa y profesional; La investigacià ³n educativa que se aplica para identificar los problemas del sistema y adoptar los correctivos a los mismos. v Se deberà ¡n integrar las prà ¡cticas de corto tiempo para que se puedan ejecutar todas las prà ¡cticas durante el semestre ya que el nà ºmero de prà ¡cticas excede al nà ºmero de semanas. 6. Administracià ³n de las Adquisiciones del Proyecto El conjunto[5] de actividades comprendidas en el quehacer de la funcià ³n adquisiciones conforman, normalmente, el segundo bloque de la là ­nea crà ­tica en proyectos complejos. En un sentido amplio, su tarea consiste n abastecer la obra con todos los elementos necesarios (maquinaria, equipos, repuestos, instrumentos, instalaciones, suministros de construccià ³n y servicios), en las condiciones de costo, calidad y oportunidad, requeridas por el proyecto. Una caracterà ­stica sobresaliente de las adquisiciones es su estrecha interrelacià ³n con las demà ¡s funciones, sobre todo en proyectos intensivos en bienes de capital de origen importado, tecnolà ³gicamente complejos, con programacià ³n acelerada (ruta rà ¡pida) o financiamientos condicionados. Las formas en que es posible abordar el abastecimiento de maquinarias, equipos y suministros, son variadas, si se tiene en cuenta el tamaà ±o del proyecto, la existencia y confiabilidad de los servicios de la organizacià ³n perm anente, la complejidad de las adquisiciones, y la modalidad que se defina para los contratos de construccià ³n. Diseà ±o de Formularios y Mecanismos de Control Adquisicià ³n de equipos El laboratorio[6] debe disponer de polà ­tica y procedimiento para la seleccià ³n y adquisicià ³n de los equipos, que incluya: * Especificacià ³n de las caracterà ­sticas necesarias, de acuerdo con los requisitos de tolerancias e incertidumbres. * Seleccià ³n y evaluacià ³n de los proveedores. El laboratorio debe evaluar a los proveedores y mantener un registro de estas evaluaciones. Es recomendable, siempre que sea posible, seleccionar los suministradores que cumplen con la Norma UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 o que tienen implantado un sistema de calidad acorde, por ejemplo, con las normas ISO 9000. * Requisitos solicitados al proveedor, tales como: documentacià ³n, certificado de calibracià ³n o verificacià ³n, periodo de garantà ­a, periodo de entrega, etc. En la adquisicià ³n de los equipos nuevos el laboratorio deberà ­a exigirle, a los fabricantes o distribuidores, la disponibilidad del Manual de Instrucciones del equipo en espaà ±ol. * Anà ¡lisis de las ofertas frente a las especificaciones y seleccià ³n de los equipos. Todas las actividades, relacionadas con la compra de los equipos y materiales, convienen documentarlas y archivarlas. Recepcià ³n de equipos Cuando el laboratorio recibe el equipo o material debe constatar, en primer lugar, que: * Se corresponde con las caracterà ­sticas y especificaciones del pedido o solicitud de adquisicià ³n, * Va acompaà ±ado de la documentacià ³n adecuada y completa (por ejemplo los certificados de calibracià ³n o conformidad, si son necesarios). * El laboratorio debe tener establecido un procedimiento que * Asegure que los equipos recibidos no sean utilizados o puestos en * servicio hasta que: * Se haya comprobado que no han sufrido ningà ºn daà ±o y funcionan * correctamente, * Hayan sido calibrados o verificados, cuando se considere necesario, * De que cumplen las especificaciones requeridas, debiendo mantenerse un registro de las medidas adoptadas para comprobarlo. Los equipos recibidos, cuando ya està ©n disponibles o instalados para realizar la funcià ³n para la cual han sido adquiridos, deben darse de alta, codificarse y etiquetarse, y ser incluidos en el inventario de los equipos disponibles del laboratorio. Inventario y codificacià ³n de equipos El inventario o listado (o base de datos) de los equipos disponibles debe incluir, como mà ­nimo, los equipos utilizados para realizar ensayos y/o calibraciones que tengan una relacià ³n directa con los resultados, asà ­ como aquellos equipos auxiliares que requieren de algà ºn tipo de control, mantenimiento, verificacià ³n o calibracià ³n. En el inventario deberà ¡ constar la fecha de su elaboracià ³n y, como mà ­nimo, el cà ³digo del equipo, la denominacià ³n del equipo, la marca, el modelo, el no. de serie, y la fecha de alta. El cà ³digo del laboratorio debe identificar al equipo de forma univoca y permitir relacionarlo con la documentacià ³n que se va generando (etiquetas, ficha/registro, procedimientos de funcionamiento, de mantenimiento y calibracià ³n, registros de datos, certificados de calibracià ³n, diarios de uso, etc.) y con su historial a lo largo de los aà ±os (averà ­as, sustituciones, modificaciones, etc.). El laboratorio debe mantener actualizado el inventario de los equipos disponibles, para ello serà ¡ necesario establecer un procedimiento del control y/o comunicacià ³n (por ejemplo, mediante impresos) de las altas, bajas o traslado